Does protein powder really make you perform and recover better, or are you just eating more calories? A Bayesian meta-analysis of 75 randomized trials and 1,206 athletes found real but limited benefits. The twist is that every significant result came from studies where energy intake wasn't matched between groups. The paper's most concrete advice is about dose: about 1 g/kg/day extra from supplements, for roughly 2 g/kg/day total. Here is what the data supports, what it doesn't say about timing and protein source, and who should skip the tub.
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